LITERARY DOCUMENTATION

I.   INTERNAL OR PARENTHETICAL DOCUMENTATION

                A.    A SHORT STORY, NOVEL, OR ESSAY To indicate the specific location of direct quotations from a literary work place the author's last name and exact page number(s) in parentheses at the end of your quotation or sentence.

                        If the author is not named in your text, his or her name is placed inside the parentheses.

                                    Foreshadowing is evident when the boys  “[make] a great pile of stones in one corner of the square and [guard] it against the raids of the other boys” (Jackson 245).

                        If you have stated the author's name in the text, omit it from the parenthetical reference. 

                                   Near the end of the story Jackson writes, "She snatched a paper out and held it behind her” (249).

                        If you are using more than one work by the same author, use the author's last name, a shortened form of the title, and page number inside parentheses. 

                                    As the story opens the narrator says, “The children assembled first, of course” (Jackson, “Lottery” 245).

                B.    POETRY To document lines of poetry, the same rules as for documenting prose apply, except that line numbers replace page numbers in parentheses. (The works cited entry will contain the page(s) on which the poem appears.) For the first reference to a line of poetry, place the word "line(s)" in parentheses with the number of the line(s).  Subsequent references to the same poem are documented with the line numbers alone in parentheses.

                                    Coleridge writes, "In Xanadu did Kubla Khan  / A stately pleasure dome decree" (lines 1‑2).

                        For in-text quotes, mark the end of a line of poetry with a (/) slash. Put a space before and after the (/) slash.

                        If you quote one line of poetry, incorporate the line into your text with quotation marks.                                          

                                    Coleridge describes the river which ran “Down to a sunless sea” (5).

                        Two or three lines of poetry may be placed in the text or indented. If more than three lines of poetry are being quoted, they are indented ten spaces, double-spaced, and written just as they appear in the original without quotation marks.

                                     Coleridge opens his dream‑like poem with these lines:

                                                                In Xanadu did Kubla Khan
                                                                A stately pleasure dome decree:
                                                                Where Alph, the sacred river, ran
                                                                Through caverns measureless to man
                                                                Down to a sunless sea. (1‑5)

                        Note: The period precedes the parentheses in indented quotes.

                        If you are using poems by different authors, include the names of the authors and the line number(s) in parentheses. 

                                   The poem begins with the lines "In Xanadu did Kubla Khan  / A stately pleasure dome decree" (Coleridge 1‑2).

               C.   PROSE DRAMA To document lines from prose drama, give the page number followed by the act and scene, if any.

                                   In Death of a Salesman, Linda says Willie is "not the finest character that ever lived" (1434; act 1).

                D.    VERSE DRAMA To document lines from verse drama, put the act, scene, and line numbers inside parentheses as shown below. Use Arabic numerals for acts and scenes.

                                   In Romeo and Juliet she even stands up to Capulet when he is raging over Juliet's refusal to marry Paris, saying, "You are to blame, my lord, to rate her so" (3.5.170).

     E.    THE BIBLE To document lines from the Bible, abbreviate the title of any book longer than four letters. Then give the
       chapter and verse(s) in Arabic numerals. 

                       In the Old Testament, God tells Noah and his sons to “Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth” (Gen. 9.1).

                F.     SECONDARY SOURCES To refer to another author's comments about a literary works you also document, giving the specific source of your information.

                                   Hemingway's style is an attempt to get "to the things themselves" (Barrett 20).

II.  WORKS CITED PAGE:  On a separate works cited page at the end of your paper, list (alphabetically) in the following form all sources, primary and secondary, used in your paper.  Double space all entries.

                A.    A SHORT STORY, POEM, PLAY OR ESSAY FROM AN ANTHOLOGY

                                    Jackson, Shirley. “The Lottery.” Literature:  An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts and
  Henry E. Jacobs. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice, 2004. 245-50.

                B.    TWO OR MORE SELECTIONS FROM THE SAME ANTHOLOGY Give the source in full and cross-reference it in shortened entries for the works used.

                                    Jackson, Shirley. “The Lottery.” Roberts and Jacobs 245-50. 
                                    Roberts, Edgar V., and Henry E. Jacobs, eds. Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. 7th ed. Upper
                                                                  Saddle River: Prentice, 2004.
                                    Welty, Eudora. "A Worn Path." Roberts and Jacobs 138-43.

                C.    A SHORT STORY, POEM, PLAY, OR ESSAY FROM A MULTI-VOLUME ANTHOLOGY

                         Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. The Norton Anthology of World Literature. Ed. Sarah Lawall and Maynard Mack
    et al. 2^nd ed. New York: Norton, 2002. Vol. C. 2828-918.

                        Note:  Underline the title of a play from an anthology.

                D.    A NOVEL OR SINGLE PLAY

                                      Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Scribners, 1925.

                E.    A FILM

                                       Bernice Bobs Her Hair. Dir. Joan Micklin Silver. Perf. Shelly Duvall. Learning in Focus, 1976.
 

                F.    THE BIBLE

                                       The New English Bible. New York: Oxford UP, 1972.

                G.    A SECONDARY SOURCE

                                       Barrett, William. Irrational Man.  Garden City: Doubleday, 1958.                             

                H.    AN ANTHOLOGY AS A SECONDARY SOURCE

                                       Lawall, Sarah, and Maynard Mack et al., eds. "William Shakespeare." The Norton Anthology of World
                                                      Literature. 2^nd ed. New York: Norton, 2002. Vol. C. 2821-25. 

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